Built-in (fundamental) C++ data types:

• integral
  • bool (true, false)
  • char, wchar_t
  • int, long, long long
• floating point
  • float
  • double
  • long double
• void

User-defined types:

• enumerations
• classes

Also consult:

• <cstdint>
• <numeric_limits>
• <cstddef>

String literals:

• statically allocated so it's safe to return them from functions

New with C++11:

• alignas
• alignof
• std::alignment_of

Deducing a type:

• auto for deducing a type of an object from its initializer; the type can be the type of a variable, a const, or a constexpr.
• decltype(expr) for deducing the type of something that is not a simple initializer, such as the return type for a function or the type of a class member.

General stuff:

• The result of sizeof is of an unsigned integral type called size_t defined in <cstddef>. The result of pointer subtraction is of a signed integral type called ptrdiff_t defined in <cstddef>.